Urbanization Essay Thesis Example For Students

Urbanization Essay Thesis Factors and Fallacies in Urban Consolidation:IntroductionAs proponents of urban consolidation and consolidated living continue to manifest in our society, we must ensure that our acknowledgment of its benefits, and the problems of its agitator (sprawl), do not hinder our caution over its continually changing objectives. DefinitionLike much urban policy, the potential benefits that urban consolidation and the urban village concept seek to offer are substantially undermined by ambiguous definition. This ambiguity, as expressed through a general lack of inter-governmental and inter-professional cohesion on this policy, can best be understood in terms of individual motives (AIUSH,1991). ? State Governments participatory role in the reduction of infrastructure spending. We will write a custom essay on Urbanization Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now ? Urban Professionals recognition of the increased variability, robustness, and interest in both the urban area and their work. ? Conservation Activists commendation of the lower consumption of resources, and reduced pressure on sensitive environment areas, suggestive of a reduction in urban sprawl. ? The Development Industrys equations of profit established through better and higher levels of land use. Essentially urban consolidation proposes an increase of either population or dwellings in an existing defined urban area (Roseth,1991). Furthermore, the suburban village seeks to establish this intensification within a more specific agenda, in which community is to be centred by public transport nodes, and housing choice is to be widened with increased diversity of housing type (Jackson,1998). The underlying premise of this swing towards urban regeneration, and the subsequent debate about higher-density development, is the reconsideration of the suburban ideal and the negative social and environmental implications inherent in its continuation (Johnson, 1994). In reference to this regeneration is the encouragement of greater community participation, a strengthening and broadening of urban life and culture, and a halt to physical, environmental and economic decline (Hill,1994). Myths and Misunderstanding The relative successes of practical solutions to the urban consolidation model are constrained within the assumptions underpinning them. Appropriating community desire towards a more urban lifestyle ignores the basic fact that people chose to live in the suburbs (Stretton,1975). Suburbia as an ideal, is a preference based on perpetual stability, be it though neighbourhood identity or the act of home ownership a view not reflected in planning models heavily biased towards highly mobile societies. Cost benefits deemed to be provided by higher-density living, in terms of more efficient use of infrastructure, are realized primarily in the private sectors (Troy,1998). A result inconclusive to State government objectives towards reduced public spending. Traffic reduction as an expressed direct result of higher-density residential living is largely incorrect. A falsehood achieved by using density as a substitute for sociological variables such as income, household size, and lifestyle characteristics (Moriarty,1996). Traffic reduction stems primarily from a decision to drive (Engwight,1992), a contributing factor not easily adjustable by urban planning alone. Overemphasis of the contribution inner-city urban renewal has towards urban sprawl has allowed the prolongation of unchecked urban fringe development. The recurrence of the parcel-by-parcel (Girling,1994) distribution of new suburban development has not received the same amount of active participation, or concerted research and development, as governments have generated in existing urban areas. Solutions in Themselves. Too often the priority of consolidated land use is defined solely by density and cost analysis of infrastructure (Danielsen,1998). This produces a lack in qualitative understanding of the initial, highly humanitarian, aspects that consolidated living curtailed. It is in this vein that consequential detriments such as physical encroachment and overcrowding, unsympathetic housing styles (AIUSH,1991), and increased gentrification of urban areas inexplicably occur. In such, planning seems to produce solutions to symptoms, rather than address the issues which cause them. Critical design failure arises from superficial viewpoints on such fundamentals as neighbourhood and community (Mack,1977). In such the built form dubiously grounds itself on place making, removed from the reality that people are the essential component of the place (Westwood,1997). The only way in which adequate understanding, of actual community desires and obligations, can emerge is through active public consultation, and heavy local government involvement. Public consultation for the sake of public consultation is not only insignificant, but unjust. Non-desirable political gains may include;? Participation to inform (pre-warn) citizens of intended action. ? Participation to organise voluntary campaigns and work. ? Participation to stall and combat organised opposition. ? Participation to secure reliable feedback.(Kirk,1980)It is often the case where public consultation is involved in the plan-making process after a limited range of options have been clarified. Consequently the beneficial possibilities arising from the integration of the higher-density objective into collective public attitude, where an autonomous solution can be reached, is denied. Instead, objections towards urban renewal and consolidated initiatives are easily allied due to counter-emotive arguments not resolved by cooperative harmonisation of goals. Economic rationale biased to higher-residential densities does not recognise the potential for other (traditional) measures of consolidated efficiencies (AIUSH,1991). Planning resolutions involving such aspects as lot frontage, have been disregarded, and may provide a far greater measure of public transport, and urban village success. Who is to blame?The articulation of blame is a misrepresentation of the problems inherent with urban policy in general. Holistically, everyone is, in part, responsible. However, the futility of the current organisational strategies is not to be excused. Governments and community response has generally been short term (BCC,1996). The reasoning is simple and two tier; State and Federal Governments are elected primary on short term contracts, whereas Local Governments and community organisations maintain a more stable, continuing set of goals and motivations (Petrulis,1998); Local Government and community organisations have, as a rule, substantially less authority over public policy, and a definite underrepresented amount of public funding (Alexander,1998). .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .postImageUrl , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:hover , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:visited , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:active { border:0!important; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:active , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Communication Systems EssayPolicy that is continually directed top-down is to blame. The misdirection of federally derived funds, through State legislature is stretching the ethical margins, and challenging its moral obligations as a public service provider not a provider for the public-service. The State Governments were able to appropriate the rhetoric of social justice and environmental sustainability that define Building Better Cities, and at the same time use this language and the funds provided by the federal government to consolidate an agenda of market-led urban development and the aggressive encouragement of property speculation. (Stevenson,1999)Regardless of the reduction of the present day support we justify government by, a shift explained by Stretton (1996) where Our politicians have taught their electors to expect tax cuts, refuse tax increase, and despise government, the supposed fiscal difficulties incurred by government do not impose urgent reductions in public spending this freeze (Jackson,1998) placed upon social infrastructure is a strict resultant of choice. In this constricted social environment, momentum must be gained alternatively through essential partnership between the public and private realms. The full extent of Friedens (1991) urban vitality, gained through these partnerships, can only be fulfilled if the existing rules, regulations and red tape, that are non-descriptive and non-defining to individual situations, are alleviated (Anderson,1998) essentially we have too many rule making agencies (AIUSH,1991). Critical factorsCritical factors in the reinforcement of the need for urban consolidation to be established as a fundamental urban reality can be seen in the alternative the continuation of urban sprawl. Even if all the assumptions are exaggerated, and the doomsday predictions are dramatically fantasised, there is major collective apprehension towards ANY further encroachment within the biological environment. Something needs to be done. Quality of life in all respects and purposes should be the ultimate gain. Appraisal of this quality should be bound by no prejudges, pre-conclusions, or a variable market value. If not planning will instead deny equity (so proactively sought) and therefore careful intent and design would be subtractive rather than representative of community base. In exacting theoretical discovery, no matter how publicly participated, citizens as part of a just a democratic society should not be made the guinea pigs of experimental reform. In terms of removing the f aults from planning practice, it must be kept mindful that just as increased public transport is not an answer in itself, neither is physical and social planning. In as much by continually educating the community, in all aspects of urban practice, thereby facilitating a multifaceted participatory approach, will yield solutions otherwise undiscovered by good planning practice (Mack,1977). Practical applications must ultimately be ends tested. Public transport and more efficient vehicles do nothing other than strengthen the need to keep planning for roads. Urban density is to often confused with housing form (Jackson,1998). The wholesale demolition of existing areas for incredibly heroic (McLoughlin,1991) achievements in density are not only non-proportionally effective, but also this new building denies the creative possibilities of adapting existing environments. The importance of preserving emotive neighbourhood character provisions such as established trees, and corner stores, is pinnacle. When we destroy the greenery and the individuality of a place we destroy the justification for the suburbs, the mandate of the masses, which ultimately means failed consolidation. All of the aforementioned articles of increased sustainability expose a greater need for radical social change. We must enact a fundamental change, at both the individual and community levels to make sa crifices for the common good! Options for Action What society needs is clear, valid and up to date objectives a vision from which a set of individualistic solutions can be consistently derived (AIUSH,1991). These derivations shall be firmly rooted in local government and other community organizations; an agenda that will become increasingly pertinent as political environments destabilise, due to minority parties and the likes, and less conductive to long-term planning. However, this is not to decline a multilevel and multidisciplinary approach. Regional prospective must be applied so as to avoid periphery degradation of local governments areas, maintain open space networks, facilitate regional public transport and freight links, and to preserve a greater regional identity (RCC,1998). Over this Government needs to be organised in such a way that organisation in itself does not interfere with the coordination of all efforts concerned (Hill,1994). The must be an importance placed on professionally recognising and supporting a broader cultural shift towards post-modernism, pluralism, power and desire, small batch production, local narratives, indigenous architecture and place (Stevenson,1999) an environmental conscious, and the inclination toward sustainability. For that reason, there needs to be a more environmentally sensitive form emerging, a revolutionary re-conception of the accepted urban components, that in itself can bring a more eco-friendly suburbia (Girling,1994). This could be achieved through positive research and development towards, for example, the integration of the natural environment to combat urban storm-water runoff, a multitasking of the essential pathway provided by road networks, a rethink of the utility of the yard (and what is the use of a lawn?), and the return of shopping habits of corner store, home production, delivery and market (Engwight,1992). There needs to be a cooperative rethink of present planning barriers and regulations. With the current provisions for overly wide streets, large setbacks, and minimum lot size regulations there are unnecessarily restrictions on alternative, if not just exploratory, ideas about the way communities can be structured, restructured, and constructed. .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .postImageUrl , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:hover , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:visited , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:active { border:0!important; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:active , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biff is the antithesis of Bernard EssayConclusionThe benefits of urban consolidation will be achieved only if the elements upon which it is composed seek to benefit all of whom it will affect. Appropriating issues is clearly not a substitute for participatory community involvement. It, and other such short-term time and money conservation techniques, will ultimately cost the nation dearly if community concern, communication, and faith are abandoned for resentment and protest. We must avoid exaggeration, and prejudice over questions involving social planning, and through the proponents of ecologically sustainable development and a increased social conscious, and actively pr omote the discontent towards knowing the price of everything, and the value of nothing (Wilde). Urban consolidation may well be the container of urban sprawl, but only if it rises above the rhetoric and market-driven ideologies. BibliographyAlexander, I. (1998), Community Action and Urban Sustainability: Hope for the Millennium? Urban Policy and Research, Vol. 16, No. 2, pages 107-116. Anderson, G. ; Tregoning, H. (1998), Smart Growth in Our Future, ULI the Urban Land Institute. ULI on the Future: Smart Growth. Pages 4-11. Apps, P. (1977), Is There a Wider Role for the Architect in Housing? Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 54-55. Australian Institute of Urban Studies Homeswest (1991), Urban Consolidation Myths and Realities, Proceedings of Division Annual Conference Seminar held at Belmont, WA, on 6th and 7th June, 1991. Beckwith, J.A. (1998), The Role of Caravan Parks in Meeting the Housing Needs of the Aged Urban Policy and Research, Vol.16. No. 2, pages 131-137. Bourke, J.M. (1977), Public Housing A Unique Architectural Challenge Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 63-65. Brisbane City Council (1996), TravelSmart: A Traffic Reduction Strategy for Brisbane. Cawte, J.E. ; Owen, S.E.M. (1977), Medical Effects of Concentrated Living Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 77-79. Community Information Services: Department of Housing and Urban Development. (1993), Social Policy Aspects of Urban Development, Prepared for the Project on Social Considerations in Urban Planning. Danielsen, K.A. Lang, R.E. (1998), The Case for Higher-Density Housing: A Key to Smart Growth? ULI the Urban Land Institute. ULI on the Future: Smart Growth. Pages 20-27. Engwight, D. (1992), Towards an ECO-CITY: Calming the Traffic, Sydney: Envirobook. Fenna, A. (1998), Introduction to Australian Public Policy, Australia: Addison Wesley Longman Australia Pty Limited. Frieden, B.J. ; Sagalyn, L.B. (1991), Downtown, Inc.: How America rebuilds cities, Cambridge (Mass): The MIT Press. Girling, C.L. (1994), Yard, Street, Park: the design of suburban open space, New York: John Wiley ; Sons, Inc. Gordon, A. ; Suzuki, D. (1990), Its a Matter of Survival, North Sydney: Allen Unwin Australia Pty Ltd. Hill, D.M. (1994), Citizens and Cities: Urban Policy in the 1990s, Sydney: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Imrie, R.F. ; Thomas, H. (), Constraints and Conflict in Urban Redevelopment, Jackson, J.T. (1998), Centrality on the Fringe: A Reassessment of Planning Orthodoxy Urban Policy and Research, Vol. 16. No. 1, pages -20. Jakubowicz, A. (1977), Some Aspects of the Sociology of Housing Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 74-76. Johnson, L. (1977), Professional ReticenceA Challenge? Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 56-57. Johnson, L.C. (1994), Suburban Dreaming: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Australian Cities, Victoria: Deakin University Press. Kilby, C. (1990), Lenvironment Urbain: Quelles Politiques pour les annee 1990?, Report prepared for the OECD Group on Urban Affairs. King, R. (1977), Do We Have a National Housing Policy? Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 60-62. Kirk, G. (1980), Urban Planning in a Capitalist Society, London: Croom Helm LondonLawrence, R. (1977), Living High Architecture in ustralia, June 1977. Pages 66-68. Mack, E. (1977), Nuremburg Shazam or Development Controls Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 69-72. McLoughlin, B. (1991), Urban Consolidation and Urban Sprawl: A Question of Density Urban Policy and Research, Vol. 9, No. 3, pages 48-156. Moriarty, P. (1996), Can Urban Density Explain Personal Travel Levels? Urban Policy and Research, Vol.14, No. 2, pages 109-117. Oc, T. Tiesdell, S. (1997), Safer City Centres: Reviving the Public Realm, London: Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd. Petrulis, P. Brock, A. (1998), Government, Business Society (2nd ed.), Sydney: Prentice Hall of Australia Pty Ltd. Regional Coordination Committee. (1998), SouthEast Queensland regional Framework for Growth Management 1998, SEQ2001. Regional Planning Advisory Group. (1993), Human Services Infrastructure: A Draft Policy Paper of the SEQ 2001 Project. Roseth, J. (1991), The Case for Urban Consolidation Architecture Australia, No 80, March 1991, page 30-33. Sandercock, L. ; Berry, M. (1983), Urban Political Economy: The Australian Case, Sydney: George, Allen ; Unwin. Stevenson, D. (1999), Agendas in Place: Urban and Cultural Planning for Cities and Regions, Rural Social and Economic Research Centre: entral Queensland University Press. Stretton, H. (1996), Poor laws of 1834 and 1996, Quadrant, Dec 1996, pages 9-8. Stretton, H. (1975), Ideas for Australian Cities (2nd ed.), Melbourne: Georgian House. Stretton, H. (1991), The Consolidation Problem, Architecture Australia, No 80, March 1991, page 27-29. Troy, P. (1998), The New Feudalism Urban Futures Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, pages 36-44. TTM Consulting Pty Ltd. (1996), Coomera Charrette Planning Study 1995, Report prepared for the Gold Coast City Council. Urban Renewal Task Force, (1997), Brisbane Urban Renewal 1997 Report: Revitalising the Inner North-East, Report prepared for the Brisbane City Council. Westwood, S. Williams, J. (1997), Imagining Cities: scripts, signs, memory, Great Britain: Routledge. Wienholt, L.J. (1977), Housing for the Aged Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 58-59.

Definition and Examples of Kennings in English

Definition and Examples of Kennings in English A kenning is a  figurative expression, usually compound in form, that is used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English. Kenning as Metaphor The kenning has been described as a kind of compressed metaphor with the referent suppressed. Commonly used kennings in Old English and Norse poetry include whale-road (for sea), sea-horse (for ship), and iron-shower (for the rain of spears or arrows during a battle). Examples Old English poetry used a special poetic vocabulary. . . . [The word] ban-cofa (n) had a special meaning: its two elements were bone-den, but it meant body. Such an expression is a paraphrase, a reference to a thing by concentration on one of its attributes. A person could be called a reord-berend (speech-bearer) because speech is uniquely human. This device of paraphrase was frequent in Old English poetry, and it goes now by the name (borrowed from Old Norse) of kenning.(W.F. Bolton, A Living Language: The History and Structure of English. Random House, 1982)The poets loved kennings because they were opportunities to vary their descriptions when they told long stories of heroes and battles. . . .So, what could a ship be? A wave floater, sea goer, sea-house or sea steed. And the sea? A seal bath, fish home, swan road or whale way. Anything could be described using a kenning. A woman is a peace-weaver, a traveller is an earth-walker, a sword is a wolf of wounds, the sun is a sky candl e, the sky is the curtain of the gods, blood is battle sweat or battle icicle. There are hundreds more. (David Crystal, The Story of English in 100 Words. St. Martins Press, 2012) Circumlocutions The poets of medieval Scandinavia developed a system of naming by circumlocution, or kennings, which they could expand to a dizzying degree of complexity. They might call the sea earth of the fish. Next, they could replace the word fish by the expression snake of the fjord. Then, they might substitute for fjord the phrase bench of the ship. The result was a strange, prolix thing: earth of the snake of the bench of the shipwhich, of course, simply meant sea. But only those familiar with the conceits of poetry would know it.(Daniel Heller-Roazen, Learn to Talk in Beggars’ Cant. The New York Times, August 18, 2013) Contemporary Kennings We clearly see kenning variation . . . in the seventh of the sequence Glanmore Sonnets in [Seamus] Heaneys next volume, Field Work [1979], when names of the BBC Radio 4 shipping forecast (itself possessing the sonority of a formulaic catalogue from early heroic poetry) prompt the poet to expand on the metaphor in the Old English kenning for the sea hronrad (whale-road, Beowulf, l. 10): Sirens of the tundra,Of eel-road, seal-road, keel-road, whale-road, raiseTheir wind-compounded keen behind the baizeAnd drive the trawlers to the lee of Wicklow. . . . Heaney performs variation not just on the concept signified, but on the signifier itself, echoing the hypnotic chant of the shipping forecast. (Chris Jones, Strange Likeness: The Use of Old English in Twentieth-Century Poetry. Oxford University Press, 2006) Etymologyfrom the Old Norse, to know Pronunciation: KEN-ing

Econometrics formative assignment Research Paper

Econometrics formative assignment - Research Paper Example -0.067 31.280 0.260 *|. | *|. | 28 -0.079 -0.077 32.913 0.239 .|. | .|. | 29 -0.020 -0.019 33.016 0.277 .|. | .|. | 30 0.029 -0.015 33.237 0.312 .|. | .|. | 31 -0.029 -0.035 33.462 0.349 .|* | .|** | 32 0.183 0.197 42.344 0.104 .|. | .|. | 33 -0.019 -0.013 42.444 0.126 .|. | .|. | 34 0.027 0.042 42.636 0.147 .|. | .|. | 35 -0.052 -0.047 43.368 0.157 .|. | *|. | 36 0.019 -0.072 43.470 0.183 Correlogram for Vodafone Date: 08/17/09 Time: 21:05 Sample: 1/01/1990 12/31/2008 Included observations: 224 Autocorrelation Partial Correlation ACPAC Q-Stat Prob .|. | .|. | 1 0.002 0.002 0.0007 0.979 .|. | .|. | 2 0.019 0.019 0.0826 0.960 .|* | .|* | 3 0.182 0.182 7.6489 0.054 *|. | *|. | 4 -0.061 -0.063 8.4992 0.075 .|* | .|* | 5 0.146 0.145 13.451 0.019 .|. | .|. | 6 0.015 -0.021 13.502 0.036 .|* | .|* | 7 0.088 0.116 15.322 0.032 .|* | .|* | 8 0.132 0.076 19.422 0.013 .|. | .|. | 9 -0.027 -0.009 19.596 0.021 .|. | .|. | 10 0.048 -0.006 20.139 0.028 .|* | .|* | 11 0.153 0.140 25.713 0.007 .|* | .|* | 12 0.115 0.116 28.881 0.004 .|. | .|. | 13 0.006 -0.033 28.889 0.007 .|. | .|. | 14 0.009 -0.041 28.907 0.011 .|. | *|. | 15 -0.032 -0.083 29.153 0.015 .|. | .|....The two vertical lines in the first column enclose the 95% confidence interval. Id k that extends past the broken line, reject the null hypothesis that k = 0 at 5% level of significance. Otherwise, do not reject the null hypothesis" (Danao). In this particular tests, the result for BARC, VOD and FTALLSH show that we do not reject the null hypothesis that k = 0. But for the GSK graph, the result is opposite. We have necessary proof to reject the null hypothesis. Decision Rule: "If the absolute value of the ADF Test Statistic is less than the value of the McKinnon Critical Values at the chosen level of significance, then the series has a unit root and is therefore non-stationary.

Fixing Pubic Education in the United States Essay

Fixing Pubic Education in the United States - Essay Example This paper stresses that in the US, elementary education is compulsory and begins at age 5. According to Avril Toffler, compulsory education was premeditated to fabricate obedient factory personnel who are used to performing repetitive errands. Besides, compulsory education is a criminal, communist and unconstitutional because it is unusual and cruel punishment. Hence, the education system constitutes unintentional solitude. Thus, this is what the US education system does to the junior citizens who are in elementary schools. It is evident to deduce that what the children will specialize at will be mastering their alphabet but not being creative. Thus to yield creative citizens in the future, the federal government should do away with the compulsory system of education. This will enable children in elementary school to apply appropriate principles, values, and reasons to make a sound decision in their lives. This will enable them to become responsible citizens too. This discussion makes a conclusion that the US education system trains students to be employees and consumers. The system is unable to give rise to critical thinkers and aggressive entrepreneurs in US. If the system is not fixed, there will be no room for inventors and innovative citizens in the future to solve future challenges. To change the trend above, the government should implement a system where talent of individuals is nurture from a tender age thus enables development and specialization of an individual in his field of study. With such a system, there will inventions in the country thus economic growth. The system will also encourage entrepreneurship; thus this will lead to job creations and reduce pressure on the few available jobs hence decline in the unemployment rate, which is currently on the rise. The US system does not give rise to critical thinkers and thus the students are taught to obey rules and regulations in elementary school. This, in turn, confines the student s and suppresses them to express themselves. Since the students are not given room to express their views, their creative talent is curbed. The federal government should introduce a system which promotes a one on one free interaction between teachers and students. This will facilitate a favorable learning environment; thus it will nurture the students public relations and elevates student’s power of thinking. Besides, interaction between the students and the teacher will enable the teacher recognize the student’s area of difficulty; thus it will enable him to strengthen it. Besides, once the student is perfect through one on one discussion with the teacher, he will become more specialized and innovative too. One on one interaction also encourages group discussions and exchange of ideas. The US education system resembles a state penitentiary because of the incarceration, constant surveillance from the teachers; bells ringing at intervals, age segregations and lack of pr ivacy thus prevent children from learning how to think because they will be in constant fear of being punished by their teachers. When children are exposed to such circumstances, they are forced to addiction behavior. Constant surveillance retards students from being critical thinkers thus lack in creativity. Besides, it gives the teachers room to manipulate, harass and punish students incase they have done something erroneous. The federal government should introduce a system which does not tolerate teachers’ harassments to students. Besides, classes should be conducted in the

Academic and Professional Skills Development Essay Example for Free

Academic and Professional Skills Development Essay There is a new world in the academic and the post academic the students must adapt themselves to. The world has become increasingly competitive and there is an exponential expansion of knowledge and information and this means that the students who will survive in this new world order are the ones who will adapt to keep up with this highly dynamic world. The way universities used to be has changed and they are now not only centres of disseminating knowledge, but also centres of promoting change (Soontiens, 2002). This change is not just intellectual change, it is all encompassing change that makes a complete makeover of the raw material it receives in the formative years and gives out a refined product that is well shaped to tackle the emerging issues in the world. Gone are the days when having a degree was something to be cerebrated by all and sundry. Nowadays, if you have just the undergraduate degree, you are just another first among equals and you do not have any competitive advantage over millions of others who have a first degree like you. This means that learning is a life long process and this world belongs to those who understand this fact (Verville, 1990). This is because the world is now being moved by knowledge and information, and these are two highly dynamic facets; how else do you acquire them apart form engaging seriously in lifelong learning (Soontiens, 2002). Even the world economies have changed from the conventional heavy economies to the modern knowledge based economies where knowledge and information and not machineries and physical labour are now the drivers of the economies. The most powerful thing right now in the world is information and knowledge and students must dedicate their lives to continuous process of learning to be able function in this highly knowledge driven world (Soontiens, 2002). Another important element that the universities are emphasizing today is critical thinking. Thinking is important but critical thinking is what differentiates a smart student or even worker from the rest (Soontiens, 2002). The more the world is changing, the more the problems are evolving and the solutions to these problems must be found for progress to take place. These problems cannot be solved by ordinary thinkers; they can only be solved by critical thinkers. This is another area that the universities are focusing on. They are out to churn graduates with acute problem solving skills by teaching them how to make critical analyses of life situations (Soontiens, 2002). For the students to be said that they have adequate problem solving skills, they must be able to use some habits of the mind and one of these habits is formation of perspectives; which involve the organization of arguments into parts and then separate the most important from the least important. It also involves separating opinions from facts and then the value of each is appreciated (Verville, 1990). This is the basis of critical thinking. Another habit of the mind that is involved in critical thinking is analysis. After forming perspectives, it is important to ponder on the arguments in a way that is reflective. This involves the use of logic and also knowing the limits of the analysis. The other critical habit of the mind that is involved in the process of critical thinking is imagination (Soontiens, 2002). This is the disposition to make an evolution of your view of an issue using contemporary and conventional patterns that will suffice now and in the future. A university that is not equipping its students with the aforementioned abilities is in a very wrong path. The workplace, just like the academic arena has changed significantly. Education alone cannot help one to fit in the contemporary work environment because of its highly social and flexible nature. Thus the universities are putting this into consideration by ensuring that they do not mould academic giants and social dwarfs who cannot fit in today’s workplace. They are churning out all round products that are readily prepared to face the challenging job market and the demanding workplace (Verville, 1990). That is why you see in the workplace today, people are not necessarily doing what they studied. Education students are working in banks, Law students are working as news reporters and so on. This means that one thing that the universities are teaching very well is flexibility: do not just follow one line, there are many things you can do there with your education. In the workplace, the workers must be able to work as a team and individually.   There are some more habits of the mind that can help them to fit well in the highly challenging, demanding and evolving workplace (Soontiens, 2002). One of these habits of the mind is empathy. Empathy involves sensing reasonable views, revering all views and honoring the one that is the most persuasive. The other habit of the mind is communication which is the ability to take the duty of explaining ideas in a clear, truthful and sober way that respects all those who are listening to them or seeing them being communicated.   The other habit of the mind that ought to be developed is that of commitment. This is the recognition of the necessity to act when there is an action worth attention and being patient to the situation one has stepped forward to respond to (James, 2003). The current generation takes the flak for the many ills that are happening in the society. The generation has been labeled as irresponsible, insensitive and morally corrupt and the universities are taking measures to ensure that all the raw materials they receive will be devoid of the aforementioned tags by the time they are being churned out as products. This means that apart from just giving the intellectual knowledge, they are also equipping the students with skills that will make them responsible members of the society who can be trusted to take over the leadership from the old conservative generation that is far beyond the benefit of the modern information and knowledge revolution. This means that there are programs that are teaching leadership skills, social welfare skills and may other skills that can make the students reliable members of the society (Verville, 1990). The habits of the mind that can help the students to become more responsible members of the society include, value which is the choice to apply a pattern of behavior that is intellectual and ignoring the patterns that are less productive. The other habit of the mind is inclination that includes the tendency to apply the aforementioned behavior without pressure or motivation (James, 2003). Sensitivity is another habit of the mind that will make the students to become more responsible members of the society because of its ability to perceive opportunities and threats and also emphasizes the appropriateness of applying behavior that is intellectual in pursuit of opportunities and in evasion of threats. Capability is a habit of the mind that will help the students in application of the basic intellectual skills that are central to behavior while commitment on this platform means the desire to reflect and improve the behavioral performance (James, 2003). In conclusion, university students in the contemporary world must adapt to the knowledge and information that is expanding markedly. They must be life long learners who think critically and are flexible to be able to fit in this highly dynamic world. They must be problem solvers who can work independently and in a team. The education system today, apart from teaching the basics of education is also teaching the students to become responsible citizens who are open minded and can communicate with people from allover the world.   This new approach by the universities is a step in the right direction and should become a global concept inherent in all the academic systems. As illustrated in the essay, this new mode of learning borrows heavily from Costa and Carrick the Habit of the mind and it puts a whole new psychological dispensation to the world of academia that will ensure the mind must change for the individual to embrace the change in the society.

Incorporating Nonverbal Communication into Dietetics and Nutrition Essa

1.1 Introduction This research paper makes recommendations for incorporating nonverbal communication into Dietetics and Nutrition. 1.2 Limitations This report is limited to paralinguistics, gestures, clothing and adornment within nonverbal communication in the field of Dietetics and Nutrition. 1.3 Scope This report aims to highlight the importance of paralinguistics, gestures, clothing and adornment in the setting of Dietetics and Nutrition. Peer reviewed articles and theoretical evidence provided to address how we change individual’s perceptions of professionals by using nonverbal behaviours therefore effecting client health outcomes. Advice and strategies for improving client /professional relationships are included. 1.4 Methodology To complete this report, data was collected over a 5 week period using resources from the Internet and Library of the University. Theoretical evidence was also taken from the Communication Theory textbook. The data was collected and analysed from numerous authors of peer reviewed articles that discussed in varying degrees the many aspects of nonverbal communication. 2.0 Outline of nonverbal communication and link to Dietetics and Nutrition Non-verbal communication plays an integrative role for successful client/professional relationships in the field of Dietetics and Nutrition. Non-verbal communication effects the way we a person perceives our level of empathy, trust, competence, therefore can effect the success of client outcomes. Clothing and adornment, paralinguistics and gestures are aspects of non-verbal communication that are used in conversing consciously or subconsciously, conveying a message to another about themselves and their purpose. Problems can occur... ... p. 504). Koster, FRT. (2005). The power of communication. Modifying behaviour: effectively influencing nutrition patters of patients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 17-22, . Koster, FRT.,Verheijden, MW., & Baartmans, JA. (2005). The power of communication. Modifying behaviour: effectively influencing nutrition patterns of patients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 17-22. Mishra, B. (2009). Role of Paralanguage in Effective English Communication. The Icfai University Journal of Soft Skills, 29-36, NSControl. Nair, B.R., Attia, J., Mears, S. & Hitchcock, K. (2002) Evidence-based physicians’ dressing: a crossover trial. M.J.A. 177, 681–682. (as cited in Cant, 2009, p. 504). Rane, D.B.. (2010). Effective Body Language for Organizational Success. The IUP Journal of Soft Skills, 17-26, . Incorporating Nonverbal Communication into Dietetics and Nutrition Essa 1.1 Introduction This research paper makes recommendations for incorporating nonverbal communication into Dietetics and Nutrition. 1.2 Limitations This report is limited to paralinguistics, gestures, clothing and adornment within nonverbal communication in the field of Dietetics and Nutrition. 1.3 Scope This report aims to highlight the importance of paralinguistics, gestures, clothing and adornment in the setting of Dietetics and Nutrition. Peer reviewed articles and theoretical evidence provided to address how we change individual’s perceptions of professionals by using nonverbal behaviours therefore effecting client health outcomes. Advice and strategies for improving client /professional relationships are included. 1.4 Methodology To complete this report, data was collected over a 5 week period using resources from the Internet and Library of the University. Theoretical evidence was also taken from the Communication Theory textbook. The data was collected and analysed from numerous authors of peer reviewed articles that discussed in varying degrees the many aspects of nonverbal communication. 2.0 Outline of nonverbal communication and link to Dietetics and Nutrition Non-verbal communication plays an integrative role for successful client/professional relationships in the field of Dietetics and Nutrition. Non-verbal communication effects the way we a person perceives our level of empathy, trust, competence, therefore can effect the success of client outcomes. Clothing and adornment, paralinguistics and gestures are aspects of non-verbal communication that are used in conversing consciously or subconsciously, conveying a message to another about themselves and their purpose. Problems can occur... ... p. 504). Koster, FRT. (2005). The power of communication. Modifying behaviour: effectively influencing nutrition patters of patients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 17-22, . Koster, FRT.,Verheijden, MW., & Baartmans, JA. (2005). The power of communication. Modifying behaviour: effectively influencing nutrition patterns of patients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 17-22. Mishra, B. (2009). Role of Paralanguage in Effective English Communication. The Icfai University Journal of Soft Skills, 29-36, NSControl. Nair, B.R., Attia, J., Mears, S. & Hitchcock, K. (2002) Evidence-based physicians’ dressing: a crossover trial. M.J.A. 177, 681–682. (as cited in Cant, 2009, p. 504). Rane, D.B.. (2010). Effective Body Language for Organizational Success. The IUP Journal of Soft Skills, 17-26, .

Managerial Economics: A Game Theoretic Approach Essay

Using computations from Assignment 1, determine the market structure in which the low-calorie frozen, microwavable food company operates. The market structure that this company is likely to be in is the oligopoly structure whereby it could be in a duopoly or not. A duopoly is a market structure in which there are few firms in the industry. It is a market structure that lies between two market structures, that is, perfectly competitive market and monopoly. There are two or more sellers but the number of sellers is not as large as that of the ones present in a perfectly competitive market. The firm can be categorized as a monopoly mainly because of the cross sectional demand of the firm. The cross price elasticity demand of this particular firm is 0.68. This simply means that an increase in the prices of the competitors ’ product by one unit implies a 0.68 unit increase in terms of the quantity demanded. This basically implies that the cross sectional demand in inelastic. As such, the increase in price, decrease in price or generally the change of prices by this particular firm will not have a significant effect i n terms of the quantity demanded. This is the ideal representation of a firm in an oligopoly. The scope for individual action can be said to be way greater than in the case that the product was differentiated. In other words, one individual seller does not stand to lose in the case that he or she decides to charge a higher price. For this reason, this firm is definitely under an oligopoly market structure.(Webster, 2003) Outline a plan that will assess the effectiveness of the market structure for the company’s operations The issue of prices is basically the basis of the plan that is to be formulated. Generally, the price quantity combination depends upon the actions that are taken by the rest of the firms in the duopoly. In other words, the profit that is accrued by each and every seller is a result of the decisions that have been reached by each individual seller. The monopoly price that will be charged under this market structure could come with a series of consultations or simply individual experiments. For this particular firm to maximize its profits it needs to fix its price through an analysis with the assumption that there exists only one firm in the market. In the event that the firm fixes its price higher than this price, it will make gains. In the event that it fixes the price lower, it will lose. Given that business operations have changed from the market structure specified in the original scenario in Assignment 1, determine two (2) likely factors that might have caused the change. Predict the primary manner in which this change would likely impact business operations in the new market environment. The assumed market structure was that the firm was under a perfectly competitive market. It however turns out that the firm is in an imperfect market, a duopoly precisely. There are a number of f actors that are likely to have caused the change in this market structure. One of the reasons is that there probably existed one factor of production that is owned by a few firms only. As a result, not many firms are able to produce the product. Besides, it is also a possibility that there existed many firms initially in the market under a perfectly competitive market. These firms could have decided to merge thereafter and consolidated themselves into one major firm with the aim of reducing competition. In this way, the number of sellers reduces. Analyze the major short run and long cost functions for the low-calorie, frozen microwaveable food company given the cost functions below. Suggest substantive ways in which the low-calorie food company may use this information in order to make decisions in both the short-run and the long-run. TC = 160,000,000 + 100Q + 0.0063212Q2 VC = 100Q + 0.0063212Q2 MC= 100 + 0.0126424Q The total cost function is an increasing function of quantity produced. This implies that an increase in the quantity produced results to an increase in the cost of production. This is consistent with economic theory. The intercept of the total cost function is 160,000 meaning that when no quantity is produced, or rather when the quantity produced is zero, the fixed cost is 160,000. The Marginal Cost function is also an increasing function of quantity produced. It gives the effect of producing an extra unit. The firm should thereby produce up to a level whereby the cost of producing an extra unit does not exceed the returns from that particular unit.(Hirschey, 2008) Determine the possible circumstances under which the company should discontinue operations. Suggest key actions that management should take in order to confront these circumstances. Provide a rationale for your response The firm should discontinue its operations in the case that the Total costs are more than the total revenue. This would imply that the firm is making losses. The firm should also discontinue its operations in the event that the marginal costs are greater than the marginal revenue. That is, the cost of producing an additional unit is greater than the cost of selling that additional unit. The firm should also discontinue its operations in the event that the marginal revenue is zero or less. This is with regard to the law of diminishing marginal revenue which holds that the revenue from selling an additional unit will increase to a point where an additional unit of input will not increase the quantity produced. In this case therefore, extra costs will be incurred in the process of producing an extra unit but revenue will not change. This is an unproductive phase of production. Suggest one (1) pricing policy that will enable your low-calorie, frozen microwavable food company to maximize profits. Provide a rationale for your suggestion. At ceteris Paribus, the demand function of the market is The demand equation will be as shown below, with all other factors held constant: Q = -5200 – 42*(P) + 20*600 + 5.2*5500 + 0.2*10000 + 0.25*5000 Q = 38650 – 42(P) P = 38650/42 – (Q)/42 The equilibrium prices and quantities are; 5200 + 45P=38650 – 42P 33,450=87P P = 384.48 Q = 5200 + 45*(384.48) = 22,501.6 Total Revenue = Price X Quantity = {38650/42 – (Q)/42  }Q MR= 38650/42 = 920. 23 = P The average revenue should be equal to the price and give the demand function. The best pricing solution that this firm can and should make is to produce at this price. Outline a plan, based on the information provided in the scenario, which the company could use in order to evaluate its financial performance. Consider all the key drivers of performance, such as company profit or loss for both the short term and long term, and the fundamental manner in which each factor influences managerial decisions. Being a firm under the oligopoly market structure, the firm should put the concept of price leadership into practice. Essentially, this simply implies that the firm should be able to put itself out as a dominant firm and as such it should be able to command the authority to set the prices in the market. It should also be able to be the firm that commands any change when it comes to prices in such a way that it has the ability to change prices while the other firms follow suit. The firm therefore is in a situation in which it is able to control prices to its benefit. As a consequence, the other competing firms will not be able to maximize their own profits unless they follow the prices that are set by this firm. In other words, a special monopoly is created in the duopoly. (Washick, 2005) Recommend two (2) actions that the company could take in order to improve its profitability and deliver more value to its stakeholders. Outline, in brief, a plan to implement your recommendations. Due to the homogenization of products, there is the problem of competition especially among the buyers. This simply implies that there will be one single price for sellers. As a result, the best recommendation with regard to the action that the firm should take is to ensure that they maximize on output. A change in terms of output by the seller has a very significant effect in terms of the prices of the good that is produced. As much as the actions of his or her rivals could be somewhat unknown, it is most definite that the other sellers will change or alter the prices in a way that they will match the output. An increase in terms of the output also implies that the firm will also increase its revenue. The Collusion Solution is also another recommendation that could be used by this particular firm in question. This basically implies that the market participants could always try and join together in the event that the participants find that the competition is too much, they could join together so as to create one competitive firm. (Waschick,2005) References   Fisher, T., & Waschick, R. (2005). Managerial Economics: A Game Theoretic Approach. London : Routledge. Hirschey, M. (2008). Managerial Economics. New York: Cengage Learning. Webster, T. J. (2003). Managerial Economics: Theory and Practice. London: Academic Press. Source document